Do My Ingredient Percentages Need to Total 100
Why your formula's INCI percentages should sum to 100, how water q.s. handles rounding, and what actually goes wrong when they don't.
Reading percentages, thresholds, and where a formula tips over a limit.
Why your formula's INCI percentages should sum to 100, how water q.s. handles rounding, and what actually goes wrong when they don't.
How leave-on and rinse-off products change what a safe essential oil percentage looks like, with the allergen math makers actually need.
MIT's rinse-off restriction is tighter than most preservatives, and leave-on use is effectively unworkable. Here is what soap and wash makers need to check.
Percentages should stay flat when you scale a batch, but a few common shortcuts quietly change them. Here is where that happens.
The percentage you weigh out and the percentage of an active substance in your finished product are two different numbers. Here is how to keep them straight.
Why salicylic acid's permitted level changes depending on whether your product stays on the skin or gets rinsed off, and what to check before filing.
How to work out the real concentration of actives and preservatives already inside a ready-made lotion or cream base before you add anything.
The three concentration errors that most often get a Canadian cosmetic notification flagged, and the fix for each one.
Why salicylic acid and glycolic acid sit under different concentration ceilings, and how to avoid applying the wrong one.
Why a pinch of citric acid to correct pH is a completely different regulatory conversation than an AHA exfoliation claim.
How small scale errors near a regulatory threshold can flip a compliant formula into a restricted one, and how to build in a margin.
The CNF asks for a concentration or a concentration range for each ingredient, and picking the right bracket matters most when your percentage sits near an edge.
Combining two preservative systems in one formula means adding up every overlapping active so the total stays under each ingredient's own limit, not just checking each system alone.
How limonene sneaks into citrus-scented formulas through essential oils, why it oxidizes over time, and the concentration that triggers label disclosure.
How citral and eugenol behave differently in fragrance blends and why their finished-product concentration, not their source oil, decides label declaration.